Animal Biochemistry Explained with 5 Branches and their Significance

release time:2022-08-02 10:53:44

Biochemistry is the study of chemicals in living organisms. Animal biochemistry focuses on the molecules, their reactions in the presence of enzymes, and how they affect the whole animal body. The scope of this study is increasing daily, and it helps researchers understand the structure and impact of different chemicals in the animal body.

Biochemistry focuses on molecules, lipids, metabolisms, and various other factors. The following list of 5 branches of biochemistry will help you understand the importance of this discipline in human and animal lives:

1. Biomolecules in Animal Biochemistry

Paramount importance is given to the field of biomolecules in animal biochemistry study. These molecules are subdivided into four different classes, which are explained as follows:

• Lipid

Glycerol molecules bond together and form lipids. The triglyceride composition comprises three fatty acid molecules with one glycerol molecule. These lipids are also used in different drugs as a parenteral infusion. In some drugs, they are drug carriers where liposome is in action.

• Protein

Amino acids are the basic building block of protein, along with different groups of molecules. Amino acids go through dehydration, synthesize and create polypeptide, also referred to as a protein.

The other building blocks are carboxyl and the side-chain R group. The carboxyl group with amino acids and side-chain R create what we call protein.

• Nucleic acid

Nucleic acid is the base of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid. The entire organism uses DNA to store genetic information. This branch of animal biochemistry allows researchers to explore genetic information to develop robust medicines and therapies to cure chronic diseases and issues.

• Carbohydrate

A small micro-molecule is called a monomer, and these small monomers merge to create the polymer. These mono-saccharides go through dehydration synthesis to create macromolecules, and these are called carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates are the most abundantly found biomolecules in the universe. They come from fructose, deoxyribose, and the most common one, glucose.

2. Animal Biosynthesis

This branch of animal biochemistry deal with the following:

• Glutamate and Aspartate Biosynthesis

α-keto acid is the main molecule that performs a simple transamination reaction and gives Glutamate and aspartate. The ornithine precursor for the urea cycle is aspartate, which plays a vital role in this cycle. According to researchers, aspartate is derived from asparagine.

• Alanine Biosynthesis

Alanine is mainly made from animal tissues in muscles. The alanine transmission is a two-way process where the glucose travels from the liver to cells, and the alanine moves from pyruvic to the liver.

The carbon structures are reversed when the liver accumulates enough alanine, and the liver eliminates the nitrogen.

• Tyrosine Biosynthesis

Phenylalanine hydroxylation inside the cells of animals produces tyrosine. It is vital to produce neurotransmitters and other brain chemicals that keep the organism alive.

The use of phenylalanine with oxygen is 50% of this process. If the organism eats a diet rich in tyrosine, the phenylalanine need will be lower to 40 to 60%.

• Ornithine and Proline Biosynthesis

Arginine is an essential need for living animals. When you give white meat and nut-loaded treats to your carnivore pet, the need for this carbamoyl phosphate acceptor gets low, and the urea cycle does the work.

For omnivores or herbivores, the diet is different. The glutamate transamination is essential for Ornithine production.

3. Animal Biochemistry Synthesis

This branch of animal biochemistry is sub-divided into further steps:

• Lipid Synthesis

The Krebs cycle requires three main ingredients lipid, protein, and carbohydrates. The co-enzyme A Acetyl is vital for this process at the main gate of the Krebs cycle. The three ingredients mentioned above fulfill the need for each other and make possible the synthesis to fetch the desired results.

Lipid synthesis is also possible with the help of carbohydrates when no protein is involved. Pyruvic is the product of this process that creates glycerol.

• Protein Synthesis

Polypeptide molecules are made when there is a merger of amino acids. These amino acids are performed within the cell where RNA and DNA are involved. The protein synthesis is not limited to particular areas of the animal body.

Each cell has its capacity and ability to synthesize protein and get the required energy. Protein synthesis regulators play a vital role in this process, and these regulators are the very agents called DNA and RNA.

4. Amino Acid Metabolism

Amino acid metabolism uses amino acids, and almost 75% of amino acids are used in this process. Protein intake is essential for amino acid metabolism. If you have a feline, lean protein is highly recommended.

The digestive system of felines cannot process saturated protein and fat from large animals for a longer time. Canines tend to eat and consume saturated protein.

Amino acids offer nitrogen to different parts of cells and other biochemicals. The amino acid synthesis is beneficial for hormones and; the alkali structure of DNA and RNA, and it is also responsible for neurotransmitter creation and transmission.

Metabolic Pathways of Amino Acids

There are four stages of this pathway that consist of:

i. Amino acids production from protein digestion aid by the synthesis of the amino acid in the liver

ii. Taking the essential nitrogen from amino acids

iii. Amino acid catabolism with urea cycles and acid cycle

iv. The final process of synthesizing amino acids from protein synthesis

5. Carbohydrate Metabolism

Glucose is the primary source of energy for human and animal fetuses. Using this agent as energy is the main method of survival for the organisms and the cells.

Glucose is a universal energy source, and there are various ways that living organisms use different foods to create glucose in the body. The glucose travels inside the organism from veins through blood and is conversed in the liver.

Metabolism Categories

• The anabolic pathway is a protein synthesis process that creates bone structure and organs.

• The catabolic pathway releases high-energy phosphate in the process of oxidative phosphorylation and respiration chain.

• The amphibolic pathway process is a bridge to connect and aid different steps in anabolic and catabolic pathways.

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